<p>The Main Street Historic District is a historic district in the central business district of Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA. It extends along Main Street, between the railroad tracks just northeast of its junction with Clinton Street, and roughly Ascension Street at the southwest. Most of the sixteen buildings in this area were built at the height of Woonsocket&#39;s prosperity, roughly between 1850 and 1930. The district is characterized by brick and masonry buildings generally between two and six stories in height.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It includes two properties previously listed on the National Register: Woonsocket City Hall, and the conjoined Honan&#39;s Block and 112-114 Main Street.</p><br>
<p>The Maton–Hunt–Farnum Farm, also known as the Pardon Hunt Farm, is an historic farm located on Putnam Pike in Glocester, Rhode Island. The main house is a -story wood-frame structure, consisting of five bays in width, featuring a gable roof and a central chimney. It is situated on the north side of Putnam Pike. The property includes various farm outbuildings such as barns, henhouses, a corn crib, and a privy, located behind the main house. Constructed around 1793 by Daniel Manton, the house showcases exemplary Federal-style architecture both internally and externally.</p><br>
<p>This property was officially added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Moosup Valley Historic District is a rural, agricultural historic district in western Foster, Rhode Island. The focal center of the area is a small village where Moosup Valley Road crosses the Moosup River, and where the Moosup Valley Christian Church is located. The largest concentration of buildings in the district lie along a roughly one-mile stretch of Moosup Valley Road west of Rhode Island Route 14, with properties extending along some of the winding roads  that extend from that road. The district encompasses most of the headwaters of the Moosup River. The major public buildings are the church, a vernacular Greek Revival structure built in 1864–65, and the Grange hall, built in 1926. There is also a one-room schoolhouse which was built in 1811, and later used as a library and community center.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Vernon Tavern, also known as the Bank House Tavern, is an historic house in Foster, Rhode Island. It is located at 199 Plainfield Pike , about 3/10 of a mile east of its junction with Howard Hill Road. The main block of the house, a -story wood-frame structure with gable roof, was built c. 1760, and was originally attached to an even older structure which was demolished in the late 19th century. This main block, five bays wide with a central chimney, is attached to a -story gable-roofed ell to the west. The main entrance portico features unusually elaborate Federal styling for a rural location, and was probably added in 1814. The house has long been a landmark on the road, serving as a stagecoach stop on what was the main road between Providence and points in Connecticut.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Tyler Mowry House is a historic house in North Smithfield, Rhode Island. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a gable roof and two interior chimneys. The entry is centered on the main  facade, with sidelight windows and pilasters supporting a complex entablature and cornice. A -story ell extends to the east. The house&#39;s interior has retained much of the original Federal-period woodwork, plasterwork, doors, and hardware. The house is distinctive as a remarkably unaltered house from the early 19th century, lacking modernizing alterations such as electricity and plumbing.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Hygeia  is an historic farm property at 83 Mt. Hygeia Road in Foster, Rhode Island, United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dr. Solomon Drowne, a prominent physician, academic, botanist, and surgeon during the American Revolution, owned the property in the early nineteenth century. Around 1801 Drowne returned to Rhode Island and bought the farm next to Senator Foster and named it Mt. Hygeia after the Greek goddess of health. As near as can be determined, Drown&#39;s home was built around 1806 (as determined by Anselyn Lynch researching for the National Register of Historic Places). Drowne used the farm for botanical research and named his driveway the "Appian Way". The farm house was built in 1808 in a Federal style. One of the oldest Rhode Island Greening trees was located on the property at the turn of the twentieth century.The Apples of New York</p><br>
<p>By Spencer Ambrose Beach, Nathaniel Ogden Booth, Orin Morehouse Taylor, New York (State). Dept. of Agriculture, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station</p><br>
<p>Published by J.B. Lyon, 1905</p><br>
<p>Item notes: v.1, pg. 281</p><br>
<p>"Cyclopedia of American Horticulture: Comprising Suggestions for Cultivation of Horticultural Plants, Descriptions of the Species of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, and Ornamental Plants Sold in the United States and Canada, Together with Geographical and Biographical Sketches"</p><br>
<p>By Liberty Hyde Bailey, Wilhelm Miller</p><br>
<p>Edition: 2</p><br>
<p>Published by The Macmillan Company, 1902, pg. 1515</p><br>
<p>Application to list the property on the National Register of Historic Places was filed in 1977. The property was approved and listed August 12, 1977.</p><br>
<p>The Newman Cemetery is an historic cemetery in East Providence, Rhode Island. One of the oldest in the state, the cemetery was established in 1643, when the area was part of Rehoboth, Massachusetts. It is located at the southwest corner of Newman and Pawtucket Avenues, adjacent to the Newman Congregational Church. Its first recorded burial is in 1658, and it remained in use well into the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Newman Congregational Church is an historic church at 100 Newman Avenue in East Providence, Rhode Island. It is a two-story wood-frame structure on a high brick basement. It was built in 1810 for a congregation that was established in 1643, when the area was part of Rehoboth, Massachusetts, and is the oldest Congregationalist organization in Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Newman Congregational Church was established by the Rev. Samuel Newman (1602-1663) of Weymouth, Massachusetts. In 1641, he and most of his congregation purchased a tract of land in Plymouth Colony called Seacunk, located east of Providence, Rhode Island. Newman named the new town Rehoboth, and soon afterwards a Congregational church was formed there.</p><br>
<p>In 1812, the town of Rehoboth, Massachusetts, was divided in two, and the church location was assigned to the new town of Seekonk. In 1862, the western part of the town of Seekonk became part of the state of Rhode Island and received the name East Providence.</p><br>
<p>The church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Hopkins Mill District is a historic district in Foster, Rhode Island. It encompasses a historic mill village that extends along Old Danielson Pike between its two junctions with Danielson Pike . The area has been the site of mills  since the 18th century, and includes one of Fosters oldest houses, the c. 1720 Hopkins-Potter House at 21 Old Danielson Pike. Prominent public buildings in the district include the c. 1830 Curtis Hall at 18 Danielson Pike, which was long used as a tavern and social gathering place, and the 1869-71 Hopkins Falls Union Church. The church is also known as South Foster Union Chapel, Its a one-story Greek Revival building that includes stairs made from granite mined in local quarries.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, where it is misspelled "Nopkins".</p><br>
<p>The North End Historic District is a historic district in Woonsocket, Rhode Island encompassing an affluent residential area developed predominantly between about 1880 and 1930. It is bounded by Harris Avenue on the west, Winter Street on the north, Summer and Prospect Streets to the east, and Spring and Blackstone Streets to the south. It is separated from Woonsockets commercial and industrial heart by a neighborhood of densely populated worker housing. Most of the district&#39;s 224 major buildings are of relatively high quality and in good condition, and are reflective of the architectural styles that predominated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: Queen Anne Victorian, Colonial Revival, and Tudor Revival forms and styles are the most common seen.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Oddfellows&#39; Hall is an historic fraternal society building on Warren Avenue in East Providence, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The 2½-story wood frame structure was designed by the Providence firm Gould & Angell, and was built in 1889.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Watchemoket Square</h3><br>
<p>Oddfellows&#39; Hall is a rare surviving element of Watchemoket Square ( or ), a village which was the heart of the East Providence business community during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. East Providence was incorporated in 1862, and Watchemoket Square was significantly built up between 1880 and 1920. It became a desirable location for the professional class to live, and many large Queen Anne and shingle style buildings were built in the neighborhood with decorative towers and porches. An 1885 iron bridge on Warren avenue connected Warren Avenue to India Point in Providence.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>By the early 20th Century, the area boasted over 100 businesses and hotels. The construction of I-195 in 1955 destroyed half of the village, leaving the Oddfellows Hall as one of its few survivors. The neighborhood quickly fell into decline in the following decades. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>By the 21st century the structure had become, according to one city councilor, a "a blighted building" located in "a blighted area." The city of East Providence acquired the building in 2012. In 2017 the surrounding neighborhood was established as a federal opportunity zone to spur investment. The building sat "vacant for many, many years with multiple issues," including a roof in need of total replacement. The city put the structure out for bid multiple times in hopes of making it a centerpiece for turning the area into a neighborhood Arts district.</p><br>
<p>In 2019 the city sold the building to a holding company for one dollar. The city expressed hope that the building could be used for any number of uses including residential or commercial space, or artist studios, or senior living.</p><br>
<p>The Old Ashton Historic District is a historic district encompassing an early 18th-century industrial area along Lower River Road in Lincoln, Rhode Island. It includes the site of the first textile mill in Lincoln, which was established in 1810–15, and whose original mill building no longer survives. The proprietors of the mill built a series of modest worker houses on Lower River Road, which are now separated from the mill site by a section of the Blackstone Canal. The only structure near the mill site is the Kelly House, built in the 1820s by Wilbur Kelly, one of the mill owners. The area is now a stopping point in Blackstone River Bikeway State Park, with interpretive signs explaining the area&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Captain Stephen Olney House is a historic site in North Providence, Rhode Island. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a pair of interior chimneys. The principal exterior decoration is in the front door surround, which features pilasters supporting an entablature and gable pediment. The house was built in 1802 by Stephen Olney, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, on what was then a large farm. His descendants enlarged the house in the 1840s, adding an ell to the south.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>The Potter–Remingston House is an historic house in Cranston, Rhode Island. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney, and a two-story ell attached to the west side. It is set on what was originally a 21 acre parcel of rolling woods and overgrown fields, adjacent to the Remington family cemetery. The outside of the house has relatively plain styling, but its interior public spaces include some elaborate Federal period woodwork. It is one of the few surviving 18th-century farm houses in Cranston.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Pullen Corner School is a historic schoolhouse located at Chase Farm in Lincoln, Rhode Island. It is a small wood-frame structure with a gable roof, set on a granite foundation. It is a single bay wide and two deep, with the interior divided between a small vestibule area and the single classroom. The property also includes a woodshed and privy. The schoolhouse was built c. 1840, and was one of the first schoolhouses built by the town.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Rhodes-on-the Pawtuxet is a historic recreational complex at Rhodes Place, on the Pawtuxet River in Cranston, Rhode Island. Originally consisting of a series of buildings, including a stateroom, pavilion, and waterfront facilities, today only a ballroom and gazebo survive. The ballroom is a Classical Revival building designed by architects John F. O&#39;Malley and Harry A. Lewis and built in 1915, after the entire complex, except for the stateroom and gazebo, was destroyed by fire. The stateroom burned in 1977. The gazebo was built c. 1880, and has long been a local landmark, with trademark Queen Anne scrollwork and turned corner posts.</p><br>
<p>These surviving structures were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Rumford Chemical Works and Mill House Historic District is a historic district encompassing the remnants of the Rumford Chemical Works, a historical chemical plant in East Providence, Rhode Island, founded by Eben Horsford and George F. Wilson.</p><br>
<p>The Rumford Chemical Works are now home to several businesses including Avenue N American Kitchen, the Punch Kettlebell Gym and the Seven Stars Bakery as well as rental apartments and lofts.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Rumford Chemical Works was founded by Eben Horsford, who was the Rumford Professor and Lecturer on the Application of Science to the Useful Arts at Harvard University, and entrepreneur George F. Wilson. In 1854, Wilson formed George F. Wilson & Co., a chemical merchandising firm in Providence, Rhode Island. That same year, Wilson approached Eben Horsford with the goal of expanding to develop and manufacture chemical products. Their first plant, in Pleasant Valley, Rhode Island, manufactured calcium sulfite. Horsford&#39;s first patent used calcium sulfite to neutralize chlorine in bleached fabrics.</p><br>
<p>In 1856 the plant was moved from Pleasant Valley to Seekonk, Massachusetts. The same year, Horsford received a patent for production of "pulverulent phosphoric acid" (calcium acid phosphate), an ingredient for baking powder. In 1859, the company was incorporated in Massachusetts as the Rumford Chemical Works. Its name honored Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, who had established the chair held by Horsford at Harvard.</p><br>
<p>After the boundary line between Massachusetts and Rhode Island was recalculated in 1861, the East Seekonk area became East Providence, Rhode Island. The Rumford Chemical Works was chartered again in Rhode Island in 1862.</p><br>
<p>The company eventually built an extensive complex of buildings centered on the junction of Newman and Greenwood Avenues with North Broadway. Its main section originally extended eastward from this junction to a pond which has since been filled in and built over with apartments.</p><br>
<p>The company&#39;s most successful product was Rumford baking powder. Hulman & Company acquired the Rumford Chemical Works in 1950 and still makes Rumford baking powder, now at its facility in Terre Haute, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>The rumford cook book 1910 cover front.tiffThe Rumford Cook Book, 1910</p><br>
<p>The rumford cook book 1910 cover back.tiffThe Rumford Cook Book, 1910, back cover</p><br>
<p>BakingPowder.jpgRumford Baking Powder</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The surviving parcel, roughly 8.5 acre, includes a few wood-frame buildings which may date to the 1857 move and a large three-story brick warehouse built in 1895. A wood-frame office building stands across North Broadway from the main complex, and a series of duplexes built as worker housing line North Broadway.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Saylesville Friends Meetinghouse is an historic Quaker meetinghouse located at 374 Great Road within the village of Saylesville in the town of Lincoln, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>The Quaker (Society of Friends) meetinghouse was built in 1703–04, consisting of a modest, nearly rectangular wood-frame structure. An expansion to the building was added c. 1745, joining a larger two-story structure to the old one.</p><br>
<p>Moses Brown and Samuel Slater, credited with founding Slater Mill, often described as the start of the American Industrial Revolution, were members either of Providence Friends Meeting, Saylesville Friends Meeting or Smithfield Friends Meeting House, Parsonage and Cemetery—sources are unclear. Providence Meeting is most likely because of its proximity to Moses Brown&#39;s farm, but Slater Mill is also reasonably close to the Saylesville Meetinghouse.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Hopkins, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was married to Anna Smith in this meetinghouse in 1755. Elizabeth Buffum Chace, member from 1836 to 1841, prominent Quaker abolitionist and possible Underground Railroad station master, lived in nearby Central Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The meetinghouse was built of medieval construction techniques, as Rhode Island was somewhat behind European civilization at the time. The newer two-story eastern section&#39;s hand-cut eight inch beams may have been re-purposed from a barn. The newer section was designed so that any parishioner speaking on the floor of the meetinghouse could be heard by people in the second floor balcony sections.</p><br>
<p>The western section features irregularly sized hand cut floor boards.</p><br>
<p>Saylesville Friends Meeting was founded by religious refugees who came to live at the very edge of the British empire. The meetinghouses architecture is uniformly plain, with nothing ornate, in keeping with a Quaker dislike of religious ostentation. Quaker unprogrammed worship has no pastor and anyone may be moved to speak. For this reason the meeting rooms benches are placed in roughly a square arrangement. However, it was expected that certain elders of the meeting were likely to speak more often, and so two benches were built on the north wall, known as the facing bench and the back bench. All three balconies have a reasonable view of the facing bench and the back bench. In later years the three balconies were enclosed and turned into First Day (Sunday) school rooms.</p><br>
<p>Friends in the 18th century believed in separate but ostensibly equal business meetings for men and for women, followed by a combined business meeting for finalizing the meeting minutes. The meetinghouse was designed with panels that swung up onto specially designed iron hooks, in order to combine the two business meetings as needed.</p><br>
<p>On the east edge of the property is an ancient stone platform designed so that a person could walk up a ramp while leading a horse, then mount the horse easily.</p><br>
<p>The meetinghouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It is one of the oldest surviving Quaker meeting houses in New England.</p><br>
<p>The meetinghouse continues to be used each First Day at 10:30 a.m. as a Friends Meetinghouse, in the unprogrammed tradition of Friends&#39; worship. The Saylesville worship group is part of Providence Monthly Meeting of Friends.</p><br>
<p>In 2017 the meetinghouse was used by an outside group for a 19th-century-themed marriage re-commitment ceremony. The meetinghouse has been used for several annual Rhode Island Sacred Harp sings. For the past several decades, the meetinghouse has held an annual candlelight meeting for worship on December 24 at 4:30 p.m.</p><br>
<p>The Sheldon House is a historic house located in Cranston, Rhode Island. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 5, 1989.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The oldest portion of the -story, gambrel-roofed Cape-style house was originally built around 1728. It was probably enlarged in 1764, when it was inherited by Nicholas Sheldon III; the northern half of the house exhibits more sophisticated Georgian detailing than the southern half. The Sheldons were major landowners in Cranston, and built a number of surviving 18th-century houses in the area; this one is the oldest of those.</p><br>
<p>The South Central Falls Historic District is a historic district in Central Falls, Rhode Island. It is a predominantly residential area, densely populated, which was developed most heavily in the late 19th century. It is bounded roughly by Broad Street to the east, the Pawtucket city line to the south, Dexter Street to the west, and Rand Street and Jenks Park to the north. It has 377 contributing buildings, most of which were built before 1920. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Although the district is predominantly residential, it has a modest number of non-residential civic, religious, and industrial buildings. The only industrial facility is the Hemphill Mill on Dexter Street, a four-story brick structure built in 1909. There are three church buildings, two of which still see ecclesiastical use: St. George&#39;s Episcopal is a stone church built in 1922, and there is a wood-frame Queen Anne-style church building at 161-165 Cross Street which was built in 1893 and has served several Protestant congregations. Two school buildings survive: the Central Street School, an Italianate wood-frame structure built in 1881 which is separately listed on the National Register, and the present Central Falls City Hall, an imposing brick building built as a high school in 1889 with Queen Anne styling when the area was still part of Lincoln. The Adams Library building is a Classical Revival structure built in 1910.</p><br>
<p>The housing in the district consists mainly of vernacular wood-frame structures with one to three units. Architectural embellishments are typically modest, following the style of the time, resulting in a significant number of modest worker cottages with some Italianate styling, which predominated during the early period of the area&#39;s development. Large single-family houses are comparatively rare in the district; the most notable one is the Samuel B. Conant House, a Colonial Revival house built in 1895 for a Pawtucket printshop owner.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Smith House is a historic house at 109 Smithfield Road in North Providence, Rhode Island, United States. It is a 2½-story wood-frame house, six bays wide, with a shed-style addition to the rear giving it a saltbox appearance. The oldest portion of this house, built around 1705, is a classical Rhode Island stone-ender house, whose large chimney has since been completely enclosed in the structure. The lower levels of this chimney are believed to predate King Philips War , when the previous house was burned. The 1705 house was built by Joseph Smith, grandson of John Smith, the miller, one of Rhode Islands first settlers. It was greatly enlarged in 1762 by Daniel Jenckes, a judge from a prominent Rhode Island family, for his son, and was for many years in the hands of Jenckes&#39; descendants. The house is the only known surviving stone-ender in North Providence.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The General Oliver Otis Howard House, also known as Howard Hall, is a historic house, and the oldest surviving building on the campus of Howard University, in Washington, D.C. Built in 1867, it was the home of General Oliver Otis Howard, the university founder and its third president. The house was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. It faces Georgia Avenue NW, just north of Howard Place.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The General Oliver Otis Howard House is located on the west side of the Howard University Campus. It is separated from Georgia Avenue to the west by a parking lot, and from 6th Street by the Johnson Administration Building, which forms an L around its north side. It is a -story painted brick building, with a mansard roof providing a full third floor, and a fieldstone foundation that is exposed on the west and south due to the sloping terrain. A three-story tower projects from the southwest corner, rising to a low balustrade surrounding a mansard roof, which is crowned by iron cresting. Windows are set in segmented-arch windows, and dormers in the roof face have elaborate carved surrounds. The interior retains some original features, but has in parts been altered to provide modern office space.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1867 as the home of General Oliver Otis Howard. Of four buildings erected during the founding phase of Howard University, it is the only one still standing. The university was chartered in 1867, when General Howard was serving as commissioner of the federal Freedmens Bureau. In that role, Howard was a major supporter of improved educational opportunities for newly freed African Americans. As a member of the First Congregational Church of Washington, he was instrumental in that congregations support for creating of the institution as a seminary and normal school.</p><br>
<p>Howard&#39;s house was purchased by the university in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Peter Parker House, also known as the former headquarters of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, is a historic row house at 700 Jackson Place NW in Washington D.C. Built in 1860, it is historically significant for its association with the Carnegie Endowment, whose headquarters it was from its founding in 1910 until 1948. The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1974. It has since been incorporated into the Blair House complex serving high-profile official visitors to the capital.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Peter Parker House stands at the southern end of Jackson Place, presenting a side to Pennsylvania Avenue, across from Lafayette Square. It is one of a series of relatively modest Italianate row houses built out of brick. It is three stories in height, crowned by an elaborate projecting wooden cornice. It is three bays wide, with its entrance in the rightmost bay accessed by a low flight of stairs. The entrance is framed by a sandstone segmental-arch pediment with brackets. Window sills and lintels, as well as corner quoining, are also sandstone.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1860. Its first prominent resident was Peter Parker, best known as a medical missionary to China. In 1910 it was acquired by the recently founded Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Funded by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, he established it as a vehicle to promote and seek an end to international warfare. The organization occupied this building as its headquarters until 1948, when it moved to New York City. During its tenure, the organization also acquired the adjacent buildings (704 and 708 Jackson Place), and expanded into them.</p><br>
<p>From 1961 to 1965 it housed the Civil War Centennial Commission, and by 1970 it had been purchased by the federal government. In the early 1980s, it along with 704 Jackson Place were internally combined into a single building and then merged with Blair House by way of a connecting structure occupying the alleyway that had separated them.</p><br>
<p>The Zalmon Richards House is a historic house in Washington, D.C. A Second Empire rowhouse, it was home from 1882 until his death of Zalmon Richards , founder of the National Education Association. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1965. It is a private residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Zalmon Richards House stands in Washingtons Logan Circle neighborhood, on the north side of Corcoran Street NW between 13th and 14th Streets. It is at the right end of a series of Victorian brick row houses which line the street. It is stories in height with a raised basement, and a mansard roof providing a full third floor in the attic level. The main facade is three bays wide, with the entrance recessed under a round-arch opening in the leftmost bay. On the first floor, the right two bays are taken up by a polygonal wood-frame window bay with a bracketed roof. Second-floor windows are set in segmented-arch openings crowned by a decorative hoods with drip moulding. The right wall of the building has a projecting oriel window with styling similar to the front bay. The buildings builder and construction date are not known.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 1882 by Zalmon Richards. He was by then already prominent in education circles, serving as founder and first president of the National Teachers Association, now the National Education Association. Raised and educated in Massachusetts, Richards embarked on a teaching career at the age of seventeen, and organized teachers at virtually every major posting he held. This work culminated in the founding in 1857 of the National Teachers Association. Richards lived in this house from 1882 until his death in 1899, and taught in one of its rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Withers Building, also known as the Winthrop Training School or W.T.S., is an historic building complex located at 611 Myrtle Drive on the campus of Winthrop University in Rock Hill, South Carolina. The complex consists of three parts: the old Presbyterian High School, the Main Classroom - Office Building and the new Gymnasium.</p><br>
<p>The old two-story Presbyterian High School was built in 1891 and bought in 1910 by the state for what was then Winthrop College: The South Carolina College for Women to be used as its teacher training school.</p><br>
<p>The three-story E-shaped plan Main Classroom - Office Building with a central four-story tower was built in 1912–1913 and designed in the redbrick Gothic Revival style by the noted Atlanta-based architect William Augustus Edwards of the firm of Edwards and Sayward. This is the most architecturally significant part of the complex.</p><br>
<p>The new gymnasium building was built in 1952 and designed by G. Thomas Harmon of Columbia to replace the old gymnasium which had been on the fourth floor of the tower.</p><br>
<p>In 1960 the Winthrop Training School was named the Withers Building to honor Sarah Withers a graduate of the college and a former principal of the school.</p><br>
<p>On August 20, 1981, the Withers Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Winthrop Theatre Productions:</p><br>
<p>2008-2009 Season:</p><br>
<p>Remnants of Desire,</p><br>
<p>Step on a Crack,</p><br>
<p>Love Moves,</p><br>
<p>Anything Goes (Cole Porter musical),</p><br>
<p>Deer and the Antelope Play,</p><br>
<p>On the Verge</p><br>
<p>2007-2008 Season:</p><br>
<p>Stop Kiss,</p><br>
<p>Antigone (Sophocles play) (tragedy),</p><br>
<p>Dead Man Walking (by actor Tim Robbins),</p><br>
<p>The Shape of Things,</p><br>
<p>Shiloh Rules,</p><br>
<p>Baby With the Bathwater,</p><br>
<p>Edward II (play)</p><br>
<p>2006-2007 Season:</p><br>
<p>The Complete Works of Shakespeare (Abridged),</p><br>
<p>Summer and Smoke (Tennessee Williams),</p><br>
<p>Rashōmon (short story),</p><br>
<p>The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds,</p><br>
<p>Oklahoma!,</p><br>
<p>Messiah on the Frigidaire,</p><br>
<p>To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday</p><br>
<p>2005-2006 Season:</p><br>
<p>The Book of Liz,</p><br>
<p>The Jungle Book,</p><br>
<p>Twilight: Los Angeles, 1992 (by black playwright Anna Deavere Smith)</p><br>
<p>Travels with My Aunt (play) (Graham Greene),</p><br>
<p>Cyrano de Bergerac (play),</p><br>
<p>Boston Marriage (play),</p><br>
<p>Much Ado About Nothing (Shakespeare comedy)</p><br>
<p>https://www.winthrop.edu/cvpa/THEATREDANCE/default.aspx?id=15100</p><br>
<p>The Holme Avenue Bridge is a closed-spandrel concrete arch bridge that carries Holme Avenue across Wooden Bridge Run  in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Owned by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania&#39;s Department of Transportation, it should not be confused with the other "Holme Avenue Bridge" over Pennypack Creek about 1,000 yards west of Wooden Bridge Run.</p><br>
<p>According to the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, this bridge "is a good example of an urban concrete bridge embellished to imitate stone."</p><br>
<h2>History and architectural features</h2><br>
<p>Built in 1921 by C. P. Boner, contractor, this bridge remains in use today. Its total length is 101.1 ft; the width of its deck is 83.8 ft.</p><br>
<p>Its concrete superstructure includes parapet railings with pebbled, recessed panels. Its concrete substructure includes smooth abutments, etched and pebbled wings, smooth intrados/ribs, and etched voussoirs.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln County Courthouse is the building in Stanford, Kentucky, the county seat of Lincoln County, where trial courts conduct their affairs, and other county governmental offices are located. The building was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Stanford, originally called Logan&#39;s Fort, was named the county seat of Lincoln County in 1786.</p><br>
<p>The current building was constructed in 1909 at the site of the original building. This structure was the fourth building used as courthouse.</p><br>
<p>Never destroyed by fire or flooding, the courthouse contains original documents dating back to 1781, and are the oldest courthouse records in the state.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in the Beaux-Arts architectural style, the building features include a cupola with a clock on each side at the top of the building. The Ionic order portico fronting includes round brick columns.</p><br>
<p>The Charles Lang Freer House is located at 71 East Ferry Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, USA. The house was originally built for the industrialist and art collector Charles Lang Freer, whose gift of the Freer Gallery of Art began the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC. The structure currently hosts the Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute of Child & Family Development of Wayne State University. It was designated a Michigan State Historic Site in 1970 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles Lang Freer, in partnership with Col. Frank J. Hecker, made his fortune from the Peninsular Car Company. from Detroit1701.org</p><br>
<p>Freer travelled widely, with one of his favorite spots being Newport, Rhode Island. There, he was favorably impressed by the shingle style summer cottages built by the wealthy. Desiring a similar home, in 1890 Freer contracted with Wilson Eyre to design a home in Detroit. The house, on Ferry Street next door to Hecker&#39;s home, was completed in 1892.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>For the exterior, Eyre used coursed hard blue limestone (now discolored) from New York for the first floor. Dark, closely spaced shingles of Michigan oak cover most of the rest of the façade. On the third story, a triangular gable and various dormers interrupt the roofline. Chimneys dominate the east and west ends of the home, underneath which are porches. These porches were originally open-air, but are currently closed stucco.</p><br>
<p>On the interior, Eyre designed the home with Freers art collection in mind. In 1906, Eyre designed an art gallery, added above the stable. In 1904, Frederick Leylands widow sold Freer The Peacock Room, designed by James Whistler, and Freer had Eyre design another room in the carriage house in which to install it.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>In 1916, Lizzie Pitts Merrill Palmer left a bequest of three million dollars to found a school centering on home and family development. In 1923, the Institute purchased the house, and have remained there since. In 1980, this Institute (currently Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute) was incorporated into Wayne State University. The Institute runs the Early Childhood Center, a preschool for area children age 2 1/2 to 5, and has a research faculty of 12 studying children from infancy to adulthood.</p><br>
<p>Charles Evans Hughes House is a historic house at 2223 R Street, NW in the Sheridan-Kalorama neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Built in 1907, it was from 1930 to 1948 the home of Charles Evans Hughes , a prominent Republican politician and from 1930 to 1941 the Chief Justice of the United States. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972 and is a contributing property to the Sheridan-Kalorama Historic District. It presently serves as the official residence of the Ambassador of Myanmar to the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Charles Evans Hughes House is located in Washington&#39;s Embassy Row area. It is on the north side of R Street, between Sheridan Circle and 22nd Street. It is one of two stone row houses that are stories in height, and modeled on an Italian palazzo. The ground floor is unpainted, with a flared glass-and-iron hood sheltering the central main entrance. A secondary entrance is in the rightmost bay. Second-floor windows are tall, and set in rounded arch openings, with shallow iron balconies. The third floor windows are rectangular, with bracketed stone window boxes.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1907 to a design by George Oakley Totten Jr. Its early uses were as either a diplomatic residence or embassy, including by the missions of Peru and Chile. In 1930 it was purchased by Charles Evans Hughes, recently appointed as Chief Justice of the United States. Hughes was a leader in the Progressive Era of the early 20th century and 1916 presidential candidate. He held office as Associate Justice from 1910 to 1916, during which period he was a prominent dissenting voice on a conservative court. He held multiple executive positions under several Presidents before being appointed Chief Justice in 1930 by President Herbert Hoover. He lived in this house from 1930 until his death in 1948.</p><br>
<p>In 1972, the building was purchased by the Union of Burma, now Myanmar. It currently serves as the residence of the Burmese ambassador.</p><br>
<p>The David White House is a historic house at 1459 Girard Street NW in Washington, D.C. A National Historic Landmark, it was the home of geologist David White  from 1910 to 1925. White had a longtime association with the United States Geological Survey , and performed groundbreaking research on peat and petroleum geology.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The David White House is located in Washington&#39;s Columbia Heights neighborhood, on the north side of Girard Street between 14th and 15th Streets. It is one of three turreted buildings a row of 19th century rowhouses that line the block. The three-story house has a facade consisting of Roman brick with greystone trim, round turreted bay, and mansard roof and is one of a row of three designed in 1902 by distinguished architect C.L. Harding and built by T.A. Harding. NHL designation and NR listing January 7, 1976, DC listing March 3, 1979.</p><br>
<p>David White was a native of New York and was educated in geology at Cornell University. After graduation he took a job with the USGS, and made Washington his home from 1886 until his death. Of the places he lived in the city, this house was his home for the longest period. During his lifelong career there, he became an acknowledged expert on the stratigraphy of the Paleozoic era, and performed research identifying the links between paleobotany and the formation of coal deposits. Uniquely among researchers of the period, he performed much of his field work personally instead of hiring it out. His achievement awards include the Thomson Medal and the Walcott Medal.</p><br>
<p>The World War I Memorial is a bronze sculpture by Pietro Montana and is located at the intersection of Taunton Avenue, Whelden Avenue, and John Street in East Providence, Rhode Island, United States. The sculpture is modeled on Charles Atlas and depicts a dynamically posed soldier standing on a granite base. Montanas original design was modified by the East Providence Memorial Committee for being "too brutal". Dedicated on July 30, 1927, Major General Charles Pelot Summerall gave an address which highlighted the handicap placed upon the soldiers by a lack of preparedness and "invoked the fighting ideal embodied by Montanas doughboy." The World War I Memorial was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The World War I Memorial was designed by Pietro Montana, an Italian-born painter and sculptor. Montana studied at the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in Manhattan, New York City, New York.</p><br>
<p>For the design of the sculpture, Montana modeled Charles Atlas and "strove to communicate the USA doughboys upstanding character and valor by way of a muscle-bound physique". In 1926, the East Providence Memorial Committee expressed concerns that Montanas design was "too brutal" and modified the original design provided by Montana.</p><br>
<p>The sculpture of a soldier stands 7.75 ft tall, 2.583 ft wide and 2.66 ft deep. Ronald J. Onorato, author of the National Register nomination, writes that "the soldier stands with legs apart, his left hand at his belt, the right at his side. The face is impassive and expressionless. He wears a disheveled infantry uniform, rough shoes, the shirt collar open and askew, the sleeves rolled back, the knee torn open, his helmet on the ground behind his left foot.... A holster hangs from the belt on the soldier&#39;s right hip." Montana signed the sculpture with "Pietro Montana/SC/1927."</p><br>
<p>The sculpture rests atop a grey granite base that is 6.33 ft tall, 3.166 ft wide and 3.5 ft deep. The corners of the base have small leaf designed and has 2 ft by 2.66 ft bronze reliefs with arched tops on each side. The front relief states that it was erected in the memory of the citizens of East Providence who served in World War I from 1917 to 1918, and lists the names of twenty three soldiers. The left relief depicts a marching infantry column of one man on horseback and four on foot, the right relief depicts four or five men loading a cannon and the rear relief depicts a nurse assisting two wounded soldiers.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its nomination, the sculpture was described as in "moderately good condition", with the surface being both stained and pitted, but free or breaks or missing pieces. The statue still stands in its original location in front of a school that has since been re-purposed for residential housing.</p><br>
<h2>Importance</h2><br>
<p>The World War I Memorial designed by Montana is "historically significant as the city&#39;s principal effort to honor those who served in the first World War and because it is an unusually successful depiction of the soldier in battle." The larger-than-life masculine figure depicted in the sculpture stands apart from the stock figures of other war monuments by its dynamic pose, as if the soldier was " the heat of battle". It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 19, 2001.</p><br>
<p>Woonsocket Rubber Company Mill is an historic mill at 60-82 Main Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The mill consists of a series of 3- and 4-story brick buildings built between 1865 and 1875 by Edward Harris, one of Woonsockets leading businessmen. These buildings housed the Woonsocket Rubbert Company, one of Rhode Islands first manufacturer of rubber products, principally shoes, boots, and rubberized fabric. In 1910 the complex was purchased by the Falls Yarn Company, which used it for the production of fine woolen yarns.</p><br>
<p>The mill was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Another mill owned by Woonsocket Rubber Company, known as the Alice Mill, named for the owner&#39;s mother, was located on Fairmount Street in Woonsocket. It was destroyed in a June 7, 2011, fire.</p><br>
<p>The former Woonsocket District Courthouse is a historic court building on 24 Front Street in Woonsocket, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<h2>History and architecture</h2><br>
<p>The courthouse, a two-story stone structure, was designed in 1894 in a Romanesque style by architects William R. Walker & Son of Providence and built by contractors William F. Norton and Victor Allaire of Woonsocket. When completed in 1896 it housed the court of the Twelfth Judicial District, later reorganized as the Seventh Division. In 1990 that court was consolidated with the Fifth Division in Pawtucket, which later was consolidated with the Sixth Division. In 1992 the former courthouse was sold to the City of Woonsocket for $1, and in 2003 it was sold and renovated for residential uses. The building is now known as the Courthouse Condos.</p><br>
<p>The building is a well-designed, though late, example of the Richardsonian Romanesque style, with some Classical elements. It is typical of the civic buildings designed by its architects in smaller towns and urban centers across the state. In contrast the interiors, which have been preserved, are more consistently in the Classical style.</p><br>
<p>The courthouse was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Woonsocket Company Mill Complex  is a historic district encompassing one of the largest mill complexes in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. The district includes all of the buildings historically associated with the Woonsocket Company, a major manufacturer of cotton textiles in the 19th century. The complex is located along the eastern bank of the Blackstone River between Court and Bernon Streets. It includes three handsome stone mills, built between 1827 and 1859, and a power plant that was built on the site of the former #3 mill between 1890 and 1920, as well as the remnants of the canal that originally carried water to the buildings for power.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>The Woonsocket Civil War Monument is a historic site at Monument Square in Woonsocket, Rhode Island. It was built to memorialize thirty-nine fallen soldiers from Woonsocket who took part in the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1868 by James G. Batterson, this Civil War memorial was the first Civil War monument constructed in Rhode Island. The monument is made out of granite and is topped with a statue of a Civil War soldier. The names of the battles in which Woonsocket soldiers fought are inscribed on the monument. The monument was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Arad Wood House is an historic house in Cranston, Rhode Island. The -story wood-frame house was built c. 1858 for N. Thornton, and is one Cranstons finest Italianate houses. Although it was built as a farmhouse, it was acquired in the 1890s by Arad Wood, one of Cranstons wealthiest businessmen, who operated a gentleman&#39;s farm of several hundred acres. The house was also later the first home of the Cranston chapter of the American Red Cross.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The Robert Simpson Woodward House is a former residence located at 1513 16th Street, NW in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington, D.C. From 1904 until 1914, it was a home of geologist Robert Simpson Woodward , the first president of the Carnegie Institution and a highly regarded scientist and science administrator. The building currently serves as the Capital Research Center headquarters. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976 and designated a contributing property to the Sixteenth Street Historic District in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Robert Simpson Woodward House is located a short way north of Scott Circle, on the east side of 16th Street NW between P and Church Streets. It is a four-story brick building with Romanesque styling, and is not of particular architectural significance. Prominent features include hipped dormers with tile roofing, the entrance recessed under a rounded arch, and the right-side curved window bay that extends to the third floor.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1895 and designed by William M. Conley. Robert Simson Woodward lived in this house from 1904 to 1914. He apparently moved frequently in his lifetime, and this building is one of his longest residencies. A native of Michigan, Woodward studied civil engineering at the University of Michigan before landing a job at the United States Geological Survey. In a long and distinguished career, Woodward made substantive contributions to the fields of astronomy, mathematics, surveying, and geology. He was also known as an effective administrator, serving as dean of the Columbia University School of Pure Science before becoming the first head of the Carnegie Institution in 1903.</p><br>
<p>The Frank Wilbur House is a historic house in Woonsocket, Rhode Island, USA near Park Square, Rhode Island. Built c. 1923, this is an architecturally distinctive bungalow form with Japanese elements. It has a complex roof line with three gables and an L-shaped entrance porch with posts mounted on high yellow-brick piers. The front windows are organized in threes with small colored-glass panes flanking clear glass. Wilbur was a farmer who built this house between his farm and Woonsocket Agricultural Society fairgrounds, which is now Our Lady Queen of Martyrs Church.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The Whitcomb Farm is an historic farmhouse in East Providence, Rhode Island. The -story structure was built c. 1780–1805, and is a well-preserved example of Federal architecture. Its construction is unusual, consisting of a brick structure finished with wood clapboards. The house has been owned by a number of prominent local citizens, including William Whitcomb, the proprietor the City Hotel in Providence.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The Whipple–Jenckes House  is a historic American Colonial house at the corner of Diamond Hill Road and Fairhaven Road in Cumberland, Rhode Island. The house was built around the year 1750, enlarged slightly in 1780, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>The house is a very simple one-and-one-half-story, center-chimney cottage set behind stone walls on a large lot at the corner of Diamond Hill Road and Fairhaven Road. The asymmetrical, four-bay facade and slightly offset chimney testify that it was originally built as a half house and then later extended around 1780. The house served as the center of a small farm and cottage industries throughout most of its history. An earlier house on the site is said to have been a blockhouse during King Philip&#39;s War 1675–1677.</p><br>
<p>The Whipple–Jenckes House was constructed by Samuel Whipple beginning about 1750 when he inherited this property from his father, William Whipple, a direct descendant of John Whipple, one of the areas earliest settlers in the 1600s. At that time, the property also contained an earlier house, which is sometimes referred to in deeds as "Samuel Whipple’s old house" and in secondary sources as a "blockhouse". Its construction date is not known, but it stood immediately northeast of the present house well into the nineteenth century. Diamond Hill Road was one of the areas first primary north–south roads and is described in early deeds as the road between Providence, Rhode Island and Franklin, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Whipple–Jenckes House is significant as a well-preserved example of mid-eighteenth-century rural vernacular domestic design, and illustrates the evolution of the half house to a full center chimney form. It is also of local historical interest for its broad associations with the development of the town of Cumberland. Built by a member of one of Cumberlands early settlement families, the house remained in that family for several generations, and became one locus of two of the towns important 19th- and 20th-century economic pursuits: small-scale boat building and farming.</p><br>
<p>The Whipple–Cullen House and Barn is an historic farmstead on Old River Road in Lincoln, Rhode Island. The main house is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney and a gable roof. An addition extends to the rear, and a 19th-century porch is on the side of the house. The barn, dating to the late 19th century, is north of the house, and there is a former farm shed, now converted to a garage, to its south. The property is located across the street from the Lincoln town offices. The house, built c. 1740, is one of the towns least-altered 18th century houses, and the barn is a rare survivor of the towns agrarian past.</p><br>
<p>The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Whipple–Angell–Bennett House is an historic house at 157 Olney Avenue in North Providence, Rhode Island. It is a -story gambrel-roofed wood-frame structure, four bays wide, with a series of additions extending it to the north and east. Built in 1766, it is one of only two surviving gambrel-roofed 18th-century houses in North Providence. Its additions exhibit the adaptive reuse of and changes in vernacular style in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The interior of the house has retained a great deal of integrity, with original woodwork, plasterwork, and door hardware.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Nathan Westcott House is a historic house in Cranston, Rhode Island. This -story gambrel-roofed wood-frame house was built c. 1770 as a "half house", and extended about 20 years later, based on architectural evidence. The house was probably built by Nathan Westcott, a member of the locally prominent Westcott family, whose progenitor was among the area&#39;s early settlers. The house was later owned by the Joy family, whose homestead stands next door.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>Westcote is a historic house in Cranston, Rhode Island. This -story Greek Revival cottage was built c. 1843, and was originally located on Oaklawn Avenue before being moved to its present location. It was built by a member of the locally prominent Westcott family as a farmhouse, and is a well-preserved and little-altered example of vernacular Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>The USA Post Office in San Pedro, California, is a historic Streamline Moderne post office built in 1936. Designed by supervising architect Louis A. Simon with architects Gordon Kaufmann and W. Horace Austin, the San Pedro Post Office was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The building also formerly served as a USA Customs Office. The building&#39;s use of marble, bronze and milk glass are typical of 1930s architecture for USA government buildings. The floor tile is laid in a basketweave pattern surrounded by black marble, giving the effect of rugs on a marble floor. Some of the original bronze lamps and ink wells are still intact at the public writing desks. The Section of Painting and Sculpture commissioned Fletcher Martin to create the post office mural, titled Mail Transportation .</p><br>
<p>San Pedro Municipal Ferry Building is a former Los Angeles Harbor Department ferry terminal building located at Sixth Street at Harbor Boulevard in the community of San Pedro in Los Angeles, California.</p><br>
<p>The historic landmark building now houses the Los Angeles Maritime Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Municipal Ferry Building was built in 1941 as a Works Project Administration (WPA) project, built at Berth 84.</p><br>
<p>It was a working ferry terminal from 1941 to 1963, for the ferry connecting San Pedro and Terminal Island in the Los Angeles Harbor. During those years, the double-decked ferries "Islander" and "Ace" transported thousands of passengers and automobiles to and from the tuna canneries, docks, shipyards, and military bases on Terminal Island.</p><br>
<p>In 1963, the Vincent Thomas Bridge was completed, connecting mainland San Pedro to Terminal Island, and the ferry service became obsolete. The ferry service was terminated on 14 November, and the bridge opened on 15 November.</p><br>
<p>The San Pedro terminal building was used for many years as an office building by the Los Angeles Harbor Department. The ferry terminal building on the Terminal Island side was demolished in 1972 to expand cargo operations.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>As the ferry building began to deteriorate, citizens of San Pedro sought to have it restored. They succeeded in having the building designated as a Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument (no. 146) in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1976 the building was restored (exterior) and remodeled (interior) into the Los Angeles Maritime Museum, which opened in 1979. It is the largest maritime museum on the West Coast.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<p>Both the exterior and interior of the Municipal Ferry Building were featured in the 1947 film The Street With No Name.</p><br>
<p>The Volta Laboratory  and the Volta Bureau were created in Georgetown, Washington, D.C., by Alexander Graham Bell.</p><br>
<p>The Volta Laboratory was founded in 1880–1881 with Charles Sumner Tainter and Bell&#39;s cousin, Chichester Bell, for the research and development of telecommunication, phonograph and other technologies.</p><br>
<p>Using funds generated by the Volta Laboratory, Bell later founded the Volta Bureau in 1887 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf", and merged with the American Association for the Promotion and Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (AAPTSD) in 1908. It was renamed as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf in 1956 and then the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in 1999. Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing website. Retrieved on April 3, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The current building, a USA National Historic Landmark, was constructed in 1893 under the direction of Alexander Graham Bell to serve as a center of information for deaf and hard of hearing persons. Bell, best known for receiving the first telephone patent in 1876, was also a prominent figure of his generation in the education of the deaf. His grandfather, father, and elder brother were teachers of speech and the younger Bell worked with them.</p><br>
<p>Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Bell moved to Canada with his family in 1870 following the deaths of his brothers, and a year later moved to Boston to teach at a special day school for deaf children.</p><br>
<p>In 1879, Bell and his wife Mabel Hubbard, who had been deaf from early childhood, moved to Washington, D.C. The following year, the French government awarded Bell the Volta Prize of 50,000 francs (approximately US$ in current dollars) for the invention of the telephone. Bell used the money to establish a trust fund, the Volta Fund, and founded the Volta Laboratory Association, along with his cousin Chichester A. Bell and Sumner Tainter. The laboratory focused on research for the analysis, recording, and transmission of sound. In 1887, the Volta Laboratory Association transferred the sound recording and phonograph invention patents they had been granted to the American Graphophone Company (later to evolve into Columbia Records). Alexander Bell bent on improving the lives of the deaf, took a portion of his share of the profits to found the Volta Bureau as an instrument "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf".</p><br>
<p>The Volta Bureau worked in close cooperation with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (the AAPTSD) which was organized in 1890, electing Bell as President. The Volta Bureau officially merged with the Association in 1908, and has been known as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf since 1956, and then as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing since 1999. Informally it is also called the AG Bell.</p><br>
<h3>Transition from the Volta Laboratory to the Volta Bureau</h3><br>
<p>From about 1879 Bell&#39;s earliest physics research in Washington, D.C., was conducted at his first laboratory, a rented house, at 1325 L Street NW,</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, p. 336</p><br>
<p>and then from the autumn of 1880 at 1221 Connecticut Avenue NW. The laboratory was later relocated to 2020 F Street NW sometime after January 1886. With most of the laboratorys project work being conducted by his two associates, Bell was able to engage in extensive research into the causes of deafness as well as ways of improving the lives of the deaf, leading him to create the Volta Bureau in 1887. In 1889, Bell and his family moved from their Brodhead-Bell mansion to a new home close to his father, Alexander Melville Bell. Between 1889 and 1893, the Volta Bureau was located in the carriage house to the rear of the home of Bells father, at 1527 35th Street NW in Washington, D.C. The work of the Bureau increased to such an extent that in 1893 Bell, with the assistance of his father, constructed a neoclassical yellow brick and sandstone building specifically to house the institution.</p><br>
<p>The new bureau building was constructed across the street from his father&#39;s home, where its carriage house had been its original headquarters.</p><br>
<p>Encyclopædia Britannica. "", Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica Online, December 21, 2009.</p><br>
<p>The Volta Bureau was so named in 1887 at the suggestion of John Hitz, its first superintendent, and Bell&#39;s prior researcher. Hitz remained its first superintendent until his death in 1908.</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, pp. 412–413</p><br>
<p>Bell&#39;s former trust, the Volta Fund, was also renamed the Volta Bureau Fund when the Bureau was established, except for US$25,000 that Bell diverted to the AAPTSD, one of several organizations for the deaf that Bell ultimately donated some $450,000 (approximately $ in current dollars) to starting in the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, p. 294</p><br>
<p>The building, a neoclassical Corinthian templum in antis structure of closely matching golden yellow sandstone and Roman brick with architectural terracotta details, was built in 1893 to a design by Peabody and Stearns of Boston.</p><br>
<p>Its design is unique in the Georgetown area of Washington, due to its Academic Revival style. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1972.</p><br>
<p>While the Volta Bureau&#39;s assigned mission was to conduct research into deafness as well as its related pedagogical strategies, Bell would continue with his other scientific, engineering and inventive works for the remainder of his life, conducted mainly at the newer and larger laboratory he built on his Nova Scotia estate, Beinn Breagh. Although Bell self-described his occupation as a "teacher of the deaf" throughout his life, his foremost activities revolved around those of general scientific discovery and invention.</p><br>
<p>By 1887 the Volta Laboratory Association&#39;s assets had been distributed among its partners and its collective works had ceased. The Volta Bureau later evolved into the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (also known as the AG Bell), and its works have actively continued to the present day under its own charter.</p><br>
<h2>Laboratory projects</h2><br>
<p>The Volta Laboratory Association, or Volta Associates, was created by formal legal agreement on October 8, 1881 (backdated to May 1 of the same year), constituting the Volta Laboratory Association to be the owner of its patents. It was dissolved in 1886 when its sound recording intellectual property assets were transferred into the Volta Graphophone Company. The association was composed of Alexander Graham Bell, Charles Sumner Tainter, and Bell&#39;s cousin, renowned British chemist Dr. Chichester Bell.</p><br>
<p>During the 1880s the Volta Associates worked on various projects, at times either individually or collectively.</p><br>
<p>Encyclopedia of World Biography. "", Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale. 2004. Retrieved December 20, 2009 from Encyclopedia.com.</p><br>
<p>Originally, work at the laboratory was to focus on telephone applications, but then shifted to phonographic research at the prompting of Tainter. The laboratory&#39;s projects and achievements included (partial list):</p><br>
<p>the intermittent-beam sounder – used in spectral analysis and in the generation of pure tones (1880)</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, p. 338</p><br>
<p>the Photophone – an optical, wireless telephone, the precursor to fiber-optic communications (February 1880)</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, pp. 336-339</p><br>
<p>experiments in magnetic recording – attempts at recording sounds permanently fixed onto electroplated records (spring 1881)</p><br>
<p>Bruce 1990, p. 343.</p><br>
<p>an artificial respirator that Bell termed a "vacuum jacket", created after one of his premature sons died due to his immature lungs (1881)</p><br>
<p>Duchan, Judith Felson., Department of Communicative Disorders and Sciences, University at Buffalo. Retrieved from the April 27, 2012.</p><br>
<p>the spectrophone – a derivative of the Photophone, used for spectral analysis by means of sound (April 1881)</p><br>
<p>an improved induction balance – an audible metal detector created in a bid to save President James A. Garfield&#39;s life (July 1881)</p><br>
<p>a speed governor for record players (fall 1882)</p><br>
<p>the air-jet record stylus, an electric-pneumatic phonograph stylus designed to reduce background noise while playing a record, resulting in USA Patent # 341,212 granted on May 4, 1886 (known as the air-jet recorder) (November 1885)</p><br>
<p>an audiometer – used in both telecommunications and to assist in studies of deafness,</p><br>
<p>"... as well as several other important, and commercially decisive improvements to the phonograph, during which they created the tradename for one of their products – the Graphophone (a playful transposition of phonograph)."</p><br>
<h3>Tainter&#39;s move to the laboratory</h3><br>
<p>Earlier Bell had met fellow Cambridge resident, Charles Sumner Tainter, a young self-educated instrument maker who had been assigned to the USA Transit of Venus Commission geodetic expedition to New Zealand to observe the planet&#39;s solar transit in December 1874. Tainter subsequently opened a shop for the production of scientific instruments in Cambridgeport, Massachusetts. He later wrote of his first meeting with Bell: "... one day I received a visit from a very distinguished looking gentleman with jet black hair and beard, who announced himself as Mr. A. Graham Bell. His charm of manner and conversation attracted me greatly.... ".</p><br>
<p>Shortly after the creation of the Bell Telephone Company, Bell took his bride, Mabel Hubbard, to Europe for an extended honeymoon. At that time he asked Tainter to move from Cambridge to Washington to start up the new laboratory. Bells cousin, Chichester Bell, who had been teaching college chemistry in London, also agreed to come to Washington as the third associate. The establishment of the laboratory was comparatively simple; according to Tainters autobiography:</p><br>
<p>Bell appeared to have spent little time in the Volta Laboratory. Tainters unpublished manuscript and notes (later donated to the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History) depict Bell as the person who suggested the basic lines of research, furnished the financial resources, and then allowed his associates to receive the credit for many of the inventions that resulted. The experimental machines built at the Volta Laboratory include both disc and cylinder types, with some of the disc type turntables rotating vertically about a horizontal axis, as well as a hand-powered, non-magnetic tape recorder. The records and tapes used with the machines were donated to the collections of the Smithsonian Institution&#39;s Museum of Natural History, and were believed to be the oldest reproducible bona fide sound recordings preserved anywhere in the world. While some were scratched and cracked, others were still in good condition when they were received.</p><br>
<h3>Photophone</h3><br>
<p>The Photophone, also known as a radiophone, was invented jointly by Bell and his then-assistant Sumner Tainter on February 19, 1880, at Bells 1325 L&#39; Street laboratory in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Bell believed the photophone was his most important invention. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light. On April 1, 1880, and also described by plaque as occurring on June 3, Bells assistant transmitted the worlds first wireless telephone message to him on their newly invented form of telecommunication, the far advanced precursor to fiber-optic communications. The wireless call was sent from the Franklin School to the window of Bell&#39;s laboratory, some 213 meters away.</p><br>
<p>Of the eighteen patents granted in Bell&#39;s name alone, and the twelve he shared with his collaborators, four were for the photophone, which Bell referred to as his "greatest achievement", writing that the Photophone was "the greatest invention ever made, greater than the telephone".</p><br>
<p>Bell transferred the Photophone&#39;s rights to the National Bell Telephone Company in May 1880. The master patent for the Photophone ( Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called Photophone), was issued in December 1880, many decades before its principles could be applied to practical applications.</p><br>
<h3></h3><br>
<h4>Early challenge</h4><br>
<p>Bell and his two associates took Edison&#39;s tinfoil phonograph and modified it considerably to make it reproduce sound from wax instead of tinfoil. They began their work in Washington, D. C., in 1879, and continued until they were granted basic patents in 1886 for recording in wax.</p><br>
<p>They preserved some 20 pieces of experimental apparatus, including a number of complete machines, at the Smithsonian Institution. Their first experimental machine was sealed in a box and deposited in the Smithsonian&#39;s archives in 1881 in case of a later patent dispute. The others were delivered by Alexander Graham Bell to the National Museum in two lots in 1915 and 1922. Bell was elderly by that time, busy with his hydrofoil and aeronautical experiments in Nova Scotia.</p><br>
<p>In 1947 the Museum received the key to the locked box of experimental "Graphophones", as they were called to differentiate them from Edisons phonograph. In that year Mrs. Laura F. Tainter also donated to the Smithsonians National Museum of Natural History ten bound notebooks, along with Tainter&#39;s unpublished autobiography. This material described in detail the strange creations and even stranger experiments at the laboratory which led to the greatly improved phonographs in 1886 that were to help found the recording and dictation machine industries.</p><br>
<p>Tainter, Charles Sumner. "The Talking Machine And Some Little Known Facts In Connection With Its Early Development", unpublished manuscript in the collections of the United States National Museum.</p><br>
<p>Thomas A. Edison had invented the phonograph in 1877. But the fame bestowed on Edison for this invention (sometimes called his most original) was not due to its quality. Recording with his tinfoil phonograph was too difficult to be practical, as the tinfoil tore easily, and even when the stylus was properly adjusted, its reproduction of sound was distorted and squeaky, and good for only a few playbacks; nevertheless Edison had discovered the idea of sound recording. However, he did not work to improve its quality, likely because of an agreement to spend the next five years developing the New York City electric light and power system.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, Bell, a scientist and experimenter at heart, was looking for new worlds to conquer after his invention of the telephone. According to Sumner Tainter, it was due to Gardiner Green Hubbard that Bell took an interest in the emerging field of phonograph technology. Bell had married Hubbards daughter Mabel in 1879 while Hubbard was president of the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company. Hubbard was also one of five stockholders in the Edison Speaking Phonograph, which had purchased the Edison patent for US$10,000 and dividends of 20% of the companys profits.</p><br>
<p>Library and Archives Canada., Library and Archives Canada website, Ottawa. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</p><br>
<p>But Hubbard&#39;s phonograph company was quickly threatened with financial disaster because people would not buy a machine that seldom worked and which was also difficult for the average person to operate.</p><br>
<p>By 1879 Hubbard was able to interest Bell in improving upon the phonograph, and it was agreed that a laboratory should be created in Washington, D.C. Experiments were also to be conducted in telephone and other telecommunication technologies such as the transmission of sound by light, which resulted in the selenium-celled Photophone. Both the Hubbards and the Bells decided to move to the nations capital, in part due to the numerous legal challenges to Bells master telephone patent of 1876. Washington was additionally becoming a center of scientific and institutional organizations, which also facilitated Bell&#39;s research work.</p><br>
<h4>Graphophone</h4><br>
<p>By 1881 the Volta Associates had succeeded in improving an Edison tinfoil phonograph significantly. They filled the groove of its heavy iron cylinder with wax, then instead of wrapping a sheet of foil around it and using a blunt stylus to indent the recording into the foil, as Edison did, they used a chisel-like stylus to engrave the recording into the wax. The result was a clearer recording. Rather than apply for a patent at that time, however, they sealed the machine into a metal box and deposited it at the Smithsonian, specifying that it was not to be opened without the consent of two of the three men. By 1937 Tainter was the only one of the Associates still living, and the box preserved at the Smithsonian was opened with his permission. For the occasion, descendants of Alexander Graham Bell gathered in Washington, but Tainter, who held a lifelong admiration of Bell, was too ill to attend and remained at home in San Diego.</p><br>
<p>A recording had been engraved into the wax-filled groove of the modified Edison machine. When it was played, a voice from the distant past spoke, reciting a quotation from Shakespeare&#39;s Hamlet: "There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are dreamed of in your philosophy..." and also, whimsically: "I am a Graphophone and my mother was a Phonograph."</p><br>
<p>Believing the faint voice to be that of her father, Bell&#39;s daughter Mrs. Gilbert Grosvenor remarked: "That is just the sort of thing father would have said. He was always quoting from the classics." The voice was later identified by Tainter as in fact that of her paternal grandfather, Alexander Melville Bell. The historic recording, not heard since 1937, was played again in 2013 and made available online.</p><br>
<p>The method of sound reproduction used on the machine was even more interesting than the quotation. Rather than a conventional stylus and diaphragm, a jet of high pressure air was used. Tainter had previously recorded, on July 7, 1881:</p><br>
<p>The associates also experimented with other stylus jets of molten metal, wax, and water.</p><br>
<p>Most of the disc machines designed at the Volta Lab had their disc mounted on vertical turntables. The explanation is that in the early experiments, the turntable with the disc was mounted on the shop lathe, along with the recording and reproducing heads. Later, when the complete models were built most of them featured vertical turntables.</p><br>
<p>One interesting exception was a horizontal seven inch turntable. Although made in 1886, the machine was a duplicate of one made earlier but taken to Europe by Chichester Bell. Tainter was granted Patent No. 385886 for it on July 10, 1888. The playing arm is rigid except for a pivoted vertical motion of 90 degrees to allow removal of the record or a return to the starting position. While recording or playing, the record not only rotated but moved laterally under the stylus which thus described a spiral, recording 150 grooves to the inch.</p><br>
<p>The preserved Bell and Tainter records are of both the lateral cut and the Edison hill-and-dale (up-and-down) styles. Edison for many years used the "hill-and-dale" method with both cylinder and disc records, and Emile Berliner is credited with the invention of the lateral cut Gramophone record in 1887. The Volta associates had been experimenting with both types as early as 1881, as is shown by the following quotation from Tainter:</p><br>
<p>The basic distinction between Edisons first phonograph patent and the Bell and Tainter patent of 1886 was the method of recording. Edisons method was to indent the sound waves on a piece of tin-foil while Bell and Tainter&#39;s invention called for cutting or "engraving" the sound waves into an ozokerite wax record with a sharp recording stylus. At each step of their inventive process the Associates also sought out the best type of materials available in order to produce the clearest and most audible sound reproduction.</p><br>
<p>The strength of the Bell and Tainter patent was noted in an excerpt from a letter written by Washington patent attorney S. T. Cameron, who was a member of the law firm conducting litigation for the American Graphophone Company. The letter dated December 8, 1914, was addressed to George C. Maynard, Curator of Mechanical Technology at the USA National Museum (now the National Museum of Natural History):</p><br>
<p>Among the later improvements, the Graphophone used a cutting stylus to create lateral zig-zag grooves of uniform depth into the wax-coated cardboard cylinders rather than the up-and-down hill and dale grooves of Edison&#39;s then-contemporary phonograph machine designs.</p><br>
<p>Bell and Tainter developed wax-coated cardboard cylinders for their record cylinders instead of Edison&#39;s cast iron cylinder which was covered with a removable film of tinfoil (the actual recording media) that was prone to damage during installation or removal. Tainter received a separate patent for a tube assembly machine to automatically produce the coiled cardboard tubes which served as the foundation for the wax cylinder records.</p><br>
<p>Besides being far easier to handle, the wax recording media also allowed for lengthier recordings and created superior playback quality.</p><br>
<p>Library and Archives Canada., Ottawa: Library and Archives Canada website. Retrieved May 24, 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Graphophone designs initially deployed foot treadles to rotate the recordings which were then replaced by more convenient wind-up clockwork drive mechanisms and which finally migrated to electric motors, instead of the manual crank that was used on Edisons phonograph. The numerous improvements allowed for a sound quality that was significantly better than Edisons machine.</p><br>
<h4>Magnetic sound recordings</h4><br>
<p>The other experimental Graphophones indicate an amazing range of experimentation. While the method of cutting a record on wax was the one later exploited commercially, everything else seems to have been tried at least once. The following was noted on Wednesday, March 20, 1881:</p><br>
<p>The result of these ideas for magnetic reproduction resulted in patent, granted on May 4, 1886; which dealt solely with "the reproduction, through the action of magnetism, of sounds by means of records in solid substances. "</p><br>
<h4>Optical/photographic recordings</h4><br>
<p>The scientist at the Volta lab also experimented with optical recordings on photographic plates.</p><br>
<h4>Tape recorder</h4><br>
<p>A non-magnetic, non-electric, hand-powered tape recorder was patented by two of the Volta associates in 1886. The tape was a 3/16 inch (4.8 mm) wide strip of paper coated by dipping it in a solution of beeswax and paraffin and then scraping one side clean before the coating had set. The machine, of sturdy wood and metal construction, was hand-powered by means of a knob fastened to a flywheel. The tape passed from one eight inch (20.3 cm) diameter reel and around a pulley with guide flanges, where it came into contact with either the recording or playback stylus. It was then wound onto a second reel. The sharp recording stylus, actuated by a sound-vibrated mica diaphragm, engraved a groove into the wax coating. In playback mode, a dull, loosely mounted stylus attached to a rubber diaphragm rode in the recorded groove. The reproduced sound was heard through rubber listening tubes like those of a stethoscope.</p><br>
<p>The position of the recording and reproducing heads, mounted alternately on the same two posts, could be adjusted so that several recordings could be cut on the same wax-coated strip. Although the machine was never developed commercially, it is interesting as a predecessor to the later magnetic tape recorder, which it resembles in general design. The tapes, when later examined at one of the Smithsonian Institutions depositories, had become brittle, the heavy paper reels had warped, and the machines playback head was missing. Otherwise, with some reconditioning the machine could be put back into working order.</p><br>
<p>Newville, Leslie J., United States National Museum Bulletin, United States National Museum and the Museum of History and Technology, Washington, D.C., 1959, No. 218, Paper 5, pp. 69–79. Retrieved from ProjectGutenberg.org.</p><br>
<h4>Commercialization of phonograph patents</h4><br>
<p>In 1885, when the Volta Associates were sure that they had a number of practical inventions, they filed patent applications and also began to seek out investors. They were granted Canadian and USA patents for the Graphophone in 1885 and 1886 respectively. The Graphophone was originally intended for business use as a dictation recording and playback machine. The Graphophone Company of Alexandria, Virginia, was created on January 6, 1886, and formally incorporated on February 3, 1886, by another of Bells cousins. It was formed to control the patents and to handle the commercial development of their numerous sound recording and reproduction inventions, one of which became the first dictation machine, the Dictaphone&#39;.</p><br>
<p>After the Volta Associates gave several demonstrations in the City of Washington, businessmen from Philadelphia created the American Graphophone Company on March 28, 1887, in order to produce the machines for the budding phonograph marketplace. which itself later evolved into Columbia Records (co-founded CBS, and now part of the Sony media empire).</p><br>
<p>The American Graphophone Company was founded by a group of investors mainly from the Washington, D.C. area, including Edward Easton, a lawyer and Supreme Court reporter, who later assumed the presidency of the Columbia Graphophone Company. The Howe Machine Factory (for sewing machines) in Bridgeport, Connecticut, became American Graphophone&#39;s first manufacturing plant. Tainter resided there for several months to supervise manufacturing before becoming seriously ill, but later went on to continue his inventive work for many years, as health permitted. The small Bridgeport plant which in its early times was able to produce three or four machines daily later became, as a successor firm, the Dictaphone Corporation.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after American Graphophones creation, Jesse H. Lippincott used nearly $1 million (approximately $ in todays dollars), of an inheritance to gain control of it, as well as the rights to the Graphophone and the Bell and Tainter patents. Not long later Lippincott purchased the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company, and then created the North American Phonograph Company to consolidate the national sales rights of both the Graphophone and the Edison Speaking Phonograph. In the early 1890s Lippincott fell victim to the unit&#39;s mechanical problems and also to resistance from stenographers. This would postpone the popularity of the Graphophone until 1889 when Louis Glass, manager of the Pacific Phonograph Company would popularize it again through the promotion of nickel-in-the-slot "entertainment" cylinders.</p><br>
<p>The work of the Volta Associates laid the foundation for the successful use of dictating machines in business because their wax recording process was practical and their machines were durable. But it would take several more years and the renewed efforts of Thomas Edison and the further improvements of Emile Berliner, and many others, before the recording industry became a major factor in home entertainment.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>In 1887, the Volta Associates effectively sold their sound-recording-related patents to the newly created American Graphophone Company through a share exchange with the Volta Graphophone Company. Bell used the considerable profits from the sale of his Graphophone shares to found the Volta Bureau as an instrument "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge relating to the deaf", and also to fund his other philanthropic works on deafness. His scientific and statistical research work on deafness became so extensive that within a few years his documentation had engulfed an entire room of the Volta Laboratory in his fathers backyard carriage house. Due to the limited space available there, and with the assistance of his father who contributed US$15,000 (approximately $ in todays dollars), Bell had the new Volta Bureau building constructed nearby in 1893.</p><br>
<p>Under Superintendent John Hitzs direction, the Volta Bureau became one of the worlds premiere centers for research on deafness and pedagogy for the deaf. Bell&#39;s Volta Bureau worked in close cooperation with the American Association for the Promotion of the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf (AAPTSD), which was organized in 1890, and which elected Bell its president. The AAPTSD was renamed as the Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf in 1956.</p><br>
<p>The historical record of the Volta Laboratory was greatly improved in 1947 when Laura F. Tainter, the widow of associate Sumner Tainter, donated ten surviving volumes (out of 13) of Tainters Home Notes to the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History – Volumes 9, 10 and 13 having been destroyed in a fire in September 1897. The daily agenda books described in detail the project work conducted at the laboratory during the 1880s.</p><br>
<p>National Museum of American History., National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from the Smithsonian&#39;s HistoryWired.si.edu website, 17 December 2009.</p><br>
<p>In 1950 Laura Tainter donated other historical items, including Sumner Tainter&#39;s typed manuscript "Memoirs of Charles Sumner Tainter", the first 71 pages of which detailed his experiences up to 1887, plus further writings on his work at the Graphophone factory in Bridgeport, Connecticut.</p><br>
<h3>Bell&#39;s voice</h3><br>
<p>Alexander Graham Bell died in 1922, and until recently no recordings of his voice were known to survive. On April 23, 2013, the Smithsonian Institutions National Museum of American History, which houses a collection of Volta Laboratory materials, announced that one of its fragile Volta experimental sound recordings, a deteriorated wax-on-cardboard disc that can now be played safely by the IRENE optical scanning technology, had preserved the inventors Scottish-tinged voice. Museum staff working with scientists at the USA Department of Energy&#39;s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory had also revived the voice of his father, Alexander Melville Bell, from an 1881 recording in the wax-filled groove of a modified Edison tinfoil cylinder phonograph.</p><br>
<p>Both Bells evidently assisted in testing some of the Volta Laboratory&#39;s experimental recorders, several of which used discs instead of cylinders. The 4 minute, 35 second test recording on the disc, mostly a recitation of numbers, is dated April 15, 1885, by an inscription in the wax and an announcement in the recording itself. It concludes with an emphatic spoken signature: "Hear my voice.... Alexander.. Graham.. Bell."</p><br>
<p>After hearing the recording, Bell biographer Charlotte Gray described it, saying:</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The Volta Bureau is located at 3417 Volta Place NW, or alternatively at 1537 35th St. NW, in the Georgetown district of Washington, D.C., near Georgetown University and across the street from Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School.</p><br>
<h2>Laboratory patents</h2><br>
<p>Patents which resulted or flowed from the Volta Laboratory Association:</p><br>
<p>The Phillip Walker House  is a historic American Colonial house in East Providence, Rhode Island. It is the oldest known house in East Providence.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Although originally thought to have been constructed in 1679, the current house was likely built around 1724 on the foundation of an earlier house. This 1724 date was confirmed by a dendrochronology survey of the tree rings in 2003. It is the oldest sawn timber-frame house in Rhode Island. The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It has been owned by Preserve Rhode Island (PRI) since 1982 and used as a study house for historic preservation students and professionals. It is currently being rehabilitated with structural repairs, new utilities and a new kitchen and bathroom for residential occupancy by PRI&#39;s Property Manager.</p><br>
<p>The Valley Falls Mill is a historic textile mill complex on Broad Street in Central Falls, Rhode Island. The complex consists of the primary mill building, a large Italianate brick four-story building erected in 1849, several outbuildings. a dam across the Blackstone River, and a portion of the original canal system which provided water power to the mill. The outbuildings include the gatehouse controlling waterflow into the canals, a small stuccoed office building now serving as a retail establishment, and a brick bathhouse built c. 1870 that stands just south of the mill race. The complex originally had a second mill building and power canal; that building was destroyed by fire, and its canal was filled in. The main mill building was developed as housing in the late 1970s, including a sympathetic replacement for the second mill building.</p><br>
<p>The complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Lewis Tower House is an historic house in Cumberland, Rhode Island.</p><br>
<p>Built c. 1825, it is a Federal style house that is two-and-one-half-stories with a flank gable roof and an L-plan. The house is set into a small hill and has a one-and-one half-story, gabled ell at the rear. An original, two-story, hip-roof veranda extends across the front; its second story level continues along the side and ell. The veranda roof slope is integral with those of the main house and ell. There is a central entrance on each story in the five-bay facade beneath the veranda; the second-story entrance has sidelights and decorative trim. The house was probably standing when Lewis Tower purchased a 19-acre farmstead here from Philip Thomas in 1833.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
